Reasons to support thesis Essay - 2184 Words

Reasons to support thesis First of all, we will consider the very word motivation. Motivation can be defined as an incentive. When we discuss students having the motivation to learn, we may consider them having the incentive to learn. Do students today have the incentive to learn? Many people claim that they do not and that the lack of motivation is increasingly becoming worse and worse in today’s society. The belief that society has unknowingly created for today’s students is that there is a separation between education that is taught in schools and that which is learned outside of schools. Children view these things as two different worlds. There is the school world, and the real world. Many children tend to believe that the†¦show more content†¦Students want teachers to be interested in them personally and academically. Why is this important? People tend to be attracted to others who seem interested in them and like them. It is reaffirming to be accepted and valued† (Morganett). There are many activities that teachers can use that incorporate the students so that they feel accepted and appreciated as an individual and as a whole. Teachers may take the time to talk with the students one-on-one or in a group or as a whole. The teacher may want to ask the children to read about a current issue or story and ask them how they feel or what they think. It is important while doing the exercise that the teacher finds out where the children stand on the topic because it allows them to express themselves more openly and it allows them to share their opinion with others rather than just answering with facts. Another idea would be to get involved in the children’s lives outside of school by asking them what their family is like or what they did on vacation. Activities like these allow the children to believe that the teacher is interested in their lives and in them as a person, not just as a students. Elements of a strong teacher-student relationship There are many ways in which the teacher can get involved with the children one-on-one. Take time while the kids are working on a class assignment but make sure that each child is given attention.Show MoreRelatedWhy Did Claim Is True?860 Words   |  4 Pagesconsists of an introduction, has body paragraphs that supports each claim, and ends with a conclusion. Even though all of these parts of the essay are critical to the essays writing process, yet the most significant part of the essay is the thesis statement because it sets up the initial structure of the paper; therefore, the thesis creates the main claim of the essay which is followed by two reasons of why that claim is true, by setting up the thesis this way the writer then has the material to constructRead MoreOutline Of The Oklahoma City Bombing1665 Words   |  4 PagesMuskan  Hossain     American  Terror:  The  Oklahoma  City  Bombing  cements  terrorism  into  the  minds  of   citizens  Ã‚      Thesis:   Due  to  the  Oklahoma  City  Bombing,  U.S.  citizens  are  corrected  of  their  stereotypical   thoughts  towards  terrorism;  Terrorists  aren’t  commonly  Muslims  or  foreign  enemies.      I. Overview      II. The  significance  of  the  Oklahoma  City  Bombing   A. Controversies  that  arose   B. Questions  thought  and  asked  by  the  citizens   C. Impact  towards  the  Federal  Government   D.   How  it  shook  the  ilRead MoreEssay Outline Practice982 Words   |  4 Pagesideas in your thesis statement. ï  ® saves time for writers ï  ® Preparing an outline can take time, but you will be able to write the rough draft of your essay more quickly Outline format Essay Outline I. Introduction Thesis: _____________________ II. Body Paragraph #1- Topic Sentence: _____________ A. supporting idea reasons, examples B. supporting idea reasons, examples III. Body Paragraph #2- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea reasons, examples B. supporting idea reasons, examplesRead MoreComplaint Speech1384 Words   |  6 Pagesanother form of personal expression (complaining!) that is just as natural as storytelling, but requires a bit more analysis and preparation. We will be applying the basics of organization, outlining, introductions, conclusions, transitions, and support while continuing to practice delivery and audience adaptation. This is also an opportunity to experiment with visual aids. Guidelines: Topic/Purpose: The tone/motivation should be a kind of â€Å"frustrated but able to laugh about it† (like comediansRead MoreDinner With Skeptics Behind The World That Makes No Sense, By Jeff, Joplin : College Press1485 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment for Biblical Worldview. Dinner with Skeptics is an account of a conversation Jeff had with a group of skeptics. A missionary for many years, Jeff is currently Senior Pastor at Christ’s Church of the Valley in San Dimas, California. THESIS: Written to dispel skepticism in God, Jeff discusses common arguments against the existence of God such as why there is evil in the world if there is a good God? Why if there is a good, kind, gracious God, then why is there so much suffering inRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethos Pathos And Logos871 Words   |  4 Pagesformulated thesis statement, as a thesis will set the tone for the essay and allow points to flow from one to another. The tone of an essay leads the reader in a direction that guides them to have a specific opinion or strong emotion that is provoked at the end of the essay. This tone is well set by the thesis statement at the end of the introduction to the paper, this thesis will be the start of what makes the essay. In the few words a thesis will contain a claim and two points that support the claimRead MoreUnderstanding Morality in Henrik Ibsens The Dolls House and Other Similar Stories1493 Words   |  6 Pagestime. Such people do whatever they wish to do without the fear of being criticized. The essay is based on The Doll House play by Henrik Ibsen. However, other similar stories that support thesis statement include; The story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and The Stranger by Albert Camus. Thesis Statement The thesis statement is that, moral people are not the people who follow rules, laws and society norms. Moral people do things wholeheartedly, selflessly for the once they love even though theyRead MoreThe Moral Principles Of Society Share Universal Laws Between One Another, Or Is It Based Solely On Each852 Words   |  4 Pagesthere any basic moral principle that apply itself to all people, all cultures at all times no matter the situation, the second question was were there any argument that can be given to support or contradict the different versions of ethical relativism, and the last question is any of the arguments qualified to support the each of the arguments? The main purpose of this essay is to determine whether or not all society share universal laws between one another, or is it based solely on each culture andRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire987 Words   |  4 Pagesoutcome of the fall of Rome in Britain. At first to answer these questions I had to find evidence re lating to the connection between roams fall and Britain s essential reason in helping speed up the process. But for my first research paper on this topic I had problems when approaching the essential question and finding support to my thesis. At first locating information on ancient Rome that had to do with British involvement was difficult because of my lack of knowledge and also lack of primary sourcesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : The Rhetorical Triangle 1129 Words   |  5 Pagesto logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason. Tatum’s reason was based on her opinion, so it was not very effective. Approaching essays using the rhetorical triangle was indeed one of the greatest tools I have used and I thought it was a very simple yet interesting way of approaching essays to make my arguments persuasive. One of the aspects of this class that was also effective was learning that directional elements in the thesis go at the end with nothing else to set the order of

Counterinsurgency in WWII and Vietnam Free Essays

The counterinsurgencies in World War Two and Vietnam are strikingly different precisely because the insurgencies they fought were different. Every insurgency is unique. Some feel that an insurgency carries advantages that make it inherently unbeatable. We will write a custom essay sample on Counterinsurgency in WWII and Vietnam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because the superior force is rarely prepared for an insurgency they are at a disadvantage from day one. The primary lesson learned from the experiences of World War Two and Vietnam is that counterinsurgency must entail more than just the deployment of superior military forces. An insurgency is not unbeatable. For a counterinsurgency campaign to be successful a carefully devised comprehensive strategy that integrates military, political and humanitarian goals must be devised. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency Defined Insurgency is a broadly defined term. An insurgency can take many forms. Generally speaking, it is an uprising of a smaller, weaker military and political force against the force that occupies power. Because insurgents are almost always outnumbered and lack military equipment, they fight a guerrilla-type war. Their goal is not to defeat the opposing force militarily, but instead to erode it while inflicting as many losses as possible. Insurgents often look for â€Å"soft targets† to attack rather than facing the enemy head-on. The ultimate goal is to fight a low intensity war that drains the opposing side of resources and public support. Robert Smith, in The Utility of Force, describes a common process through which insurgencies begin. First, one political wing separates from a larger party. After arming itself, this wing initiates a low intensity conflict against a larger power. Over time, the larger force is persuaded to cut its losses and withdraw. The insurgent party then goes about establishing a dominant force of its own (Smith, 2007). This cycle is evident in the 1980s insurgency of the Afghans against the Soviet Union and the eventual emergence of the Taliban. In recent years, the term â€Å"insurgency† has also been used to describe any conflict in which groups of foreign fighters enter a country to oppose a larger force. In either case the tactics of insurgency are similar. Counterinsurgency, in turn, is more than just military opposition to the insurgent force. Broadly defined, Counterinsurgency is the attempt by a political power or occupying force to tamp down rebellion. In the late 20th and early 21st century the effectiveness of insurgent tactics has been rediscovered. Media and technological advances have been integrated effectively and, as a result, insurgencies have become more complex. In response, counterinsurgency tactics have been revised and modernized. It is generally recognized that a more comprehensive military, political, economic and cultural effort is now required. Between World War Two and the present day, the nature and scope of counterinsurgency programs changed dramatically. The Vietnam conflict represented a halfway point in that evolutionary process. The learning curve has been irregular, though. As each new insurgency surfaces new lessons must be learned and old lessons re-learned. World War Two: The emergence of modern insurgency and counterinsurgency Insurgency and counterinsurgency are not terms typically used in relation to World War Two. The seeds for the modern usage of both were sown during this era, however. The French resistance is sometimes described as an insurgent campaign. The tactics used by the Germans to counter this insurgency were brutal but ultimately ineffective. In fact, the French Resistance is credited with â€Å"coordinating sabotages and other actions which contributed to the success of Operation Overlord† (Smith, 2007). Allied forces even then were aware of the need to work with assets of â€Å"various political colors† (Smith, 2007). In working with insurgents in the early years of the war the Allies gained some knowledge about how to defeat an insurgency. This knowledge, in part, would be capitalized on at the end of World War Two and twenty years later in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the Germans faced a second insurgency from the Soviet Partisans. These were pro-communist Soviets most active in the border regions between Germany and the U. S. S. R. Like in the French resistance, these fighters sabotaged and harassed any vulnerable areas of the German occupiers they could find. Unlike in France, the Germans were never able to install a puppet regime to help them quell the population. The German counterinsurgency strategy was to stamp out any resistance as quickly as possible. The Germans and the Partisans for that matter executed thousands of civilians in this region. Counterinsurgency tactics in World War Two were somewhat primitive. Primarily, the goal was to use overwhelming military force before installing a puppet government favorable to the more powerful force. Terror was the tool for holding on to that power. Tactical reviews after the war provided some valuable information, but were also tainted by the political atmosphere of the day. For example, U. S. reports may have overemphasized the effect of partisans terrorizing the local population into supporting them. The effect of the terror caused by German counterinsurgency forces and other possible ideological reasons for local support were not studied fully enough. In the waning days of the war, remnants of the Nazi SS launched an insurgency of their own. Initial public support kept the insurgency afloat for nearly two years as various sabotages and political assassinations harassed the occupying forces. Eventually â€Å"Operation Werewolf† was defeated when the German public became assured that the Allies were committed to rebuilding their nation, through such programs as the Marshall Plan. This stands in sharp contrast to the terroristic methods of counterinsurgency that had been employed in earlier years. While not specifically part of the counterinsurgency program, media control assisted the allies in a way it would not during Vietnam. The greater threat posed to the American nation itself during World War Two led the public to accept tight military control of what was released through newspapers or other media. The media blackout was perhaps more successful for the Germans. Since the German public heard little or no negative news from the front, the Partisans and The French Resistance were never able to erode support for the war within Germany. In this sense, a totalitarian state with vast resources and complete media control has a certain advantage in counterinsurgency over free nations. When World War Two was over, the template of a successful insurgency had been advanced farther than that if a successful counterinsurgency. In the words of U. S. General Robert Smith: By the end of the Second World War, the defining characteristics of the antithesis of industrial war had been established, as a combination of basic guerilla and revolutionary warfare. (Smith, 2007) None the less, Allied knowledge increased from having been on both sides of irregular conflicts. Allied forces would put much of what they had learned about counterinsurgency into action during Vietnam. As always, some lessons had to be re-learned under difficult circumstances. Vietnam: Hard Lessons Researchers are still debating the effectiveness of the counterinsurgency effort in Vietnam. There is no doubt that operations such as â€Å"Market Time† and â€Å"Phoenix† were more sophisticated than any such efforts in World War Two. Militarily, they were at least partially successful. Efforts such as these combined elements of Allied experiences with what they had learned by studying German methods during World War Two. The military began to create â€Å"strategic hamlets† throughout South Vietnam. In order to do so, though, entire villages of civilians would often be relocated. Air assets also sprayed chemical agents on large tracts of farmland growing crops that could be used to help the North Vietnamese. In some cases, large numbers of civilians only suspected of collaborating with the communists were killed. Ironically, at the same time a humanitarian effort was established. USAID personnel, who had 6 months of language immersion and training in nation building, spearheaded the effort. The Military Assistance Command for Vietnam also worked with the National Revolutionary Development Plan to help Vietnamese victims of the war. Even when pacification efforts within Vietnam itself were going well, the insurgents were winning the media war. The Tet offensive was a military defeat for the communists. After Tet â€Å"the flagging rural pacification program picked up momentum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chant, 1990). Despite its military success, the counterinsurgency failed in two critical ways. The Vietnamese Communists fought the â€Å"hearts and minds† battle better, giving the peasants promises that had real meaning to them. For instance; the communists promised land loans and lower taxes to peasants (Alexander, 2002). The coalition could never establish a trust relationship with the majority of the population. When Congress cut off funds and recommended that â€Å"ground forces should not be committed† the mistrust of the Vietnamese was confirmed (Chant, 1990). In Vietnam, the media was on the front lines of war as never before. Initially the Allies believed that this would be a showcase for the military and would help maintain support for the war. By the end of the war, the insurgents had turned this factor completely in their favor. The North Vietnamese capitalized on American broadcasts and broadcasts of their own, essentially communicating directly to the American people that the war was unwinnable. They rightly assumed that the American media could play a significant role in eroding public support for the war. When the American military tried to exert greater control over the media, distrust and opposition to the war only increased. Analysis and Conclusion Contrary to popular belief, insurgencies have a long track record of success. In fact; â€Å"irregular or guerrilla warfare is, in fact, the most successful form of conflict† (Alexander, 2002). It is the repeated failure of major powers to recognize this and anticipate it that itself are the major reasons for insurgent success. In World War Two, insurgencies were relatively contained. In Vietnam and in the 21st century they are not. They are sophisticated multinational operations in which the insurgents sometimes cannot even be identified. World War Two and Vietnam are evidence that insurgency can take many different forms. The overall lesson, however, is the same. The degree of success for a counterinsurgency is directly related to the degree the insurgency was anticipated and planned for. Another clear lesson is that a counterinsurgency employing only military means is destined to fail. The experiences in World War Two and Vietnam do give some clues as to how to deal with the insurgency in Iraq. A comprehensive strategy must be developed that separates the insurgents from those who support them. Then an effective intelligence network with ample numbers of human assets must be developed and maintained. As shown in Iraq the lessons of prior wars are forgotten and must be re-learned. For example, when insurgents were driven out of a town coalition forces would often leave that area undefended. It was not until at least three years into the war that coalition forces began to use the â€Å"take and hold† method used in Vietnam more than three decades earlier. The ability to defeat insurgencies in the future depends upon learning and capitalizing on lessons such as these. The first step to defeating an insurgency is to expect one. The second step is to plan a counterinsurgency. Beyond these simple steps the process is incredibly complex and there are no hard and fast rules. Sources Alexander, Bevin. (2002). How Wars are Won: the 13 rules of war from ancient Greece to the War on Terror. New York: Crown Publishers. Chant, Christopher. (1990). The Military History of the United States (Vol. 13). New York: Marshall Cavendish. Markel, Wade. (2006). â€Å"Draining the Swamp: The British Strategy of Population Control†. Parameters. Retrieved 1/7/2008 from: http://www. carlisle. army. mil/usawc/Parameters/06spring/markel. htm . McClintock, Michael. (2002). â€Å"U. S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism, 1940-1990†. Instruments of Statecraft. Retrieved 1/7/2008 from: http://www. statecraft. org/chapter3. html . Smith, Robert. (2007). The Utility of Force: the art of war in the modern world. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. How to cite Counterinsurgency in WWII and Vietnam, Papers

Kilauea Hawaii Essay Example For Students

Kilauea Hawaii Essay Kilauea Hawaii consists of a string of islands, or an archapelago. Kilauea islocated on one of these islands, the central Hawaii island. Kilauea is one ofthe worlds most active volcanic craters. Craters are formed either by themassive collapse of material during volcanic activity, by unusually violentexplosions, or later by erosion during dormancy (Comptons). It is situated onthe southeastern slope of the great volcanic mountain Mauna Loa. Its elevationis 1111 m (3646 ft.) above sea level. The crater has an area of about 10 sq. km., which forms a great cavity in the side of the mountain. Volcanic activityrecently has been restricted to an inner crater called Halemaumau. Halemaumaumeasures more than 900 m (about 3000 ft.) across and has a depth of about 400 m(about 1300 ft.). Kilauea has erupted at least once a year since 1952. Thevolcano spews an average of 525,000 cubic yards of lava a day and by 1995 hadadded about 500 acres of new land to the island (Encarta ?98). By June 1989,it had destroyed the visitors center at the national park, a stretch of KalapanaHighway, and more than 65 houses by 1990. Kilauea is located on a hot spot underthe island, and the magma is thought to come from a depth of at least 50 km. below the surface. A hot spot is an area of volcanic activity near the center oftwo lithospeheric plates. Normally, lava streams constantly into the floor ofthe crater from subterranean sources which either cools and hardens, oraccumulates until it drains off into other subterranean passages. When greatervolcanic activity occurs, the lava is subjected to sudden changes of level,where it may escape from vents on the lower slope toward the sea. Kilauea isclassified as a shield volcano. Shield volcanoes have a low, broad profilecreated by highly fluid basalt flows that spread over wide areas. The fluidbasalt usually only builds a cone around seven degrees steep. Over thousands ofyears though, these cones can reach massive size, which is shown in the HawaiianIsland volcanoes. The Hawaiian Islands are composed of shield volcanoes, thathave been built up from the sea floor. If measured from sea floor level, some ofthe Hawaiian volcanoes are the worlds largest mountains in terms of both hei ghtand volume (Comptons). In the 20th century, major flows occurred in 1920 and1921, 1950, 1955, 1959, 1965, and 1969. The current eruption cycle, thelongest-running in modern Hawaiian history, began on January 3, 1983 (Encarta).

Case Study Fishing Industry

Question: Describe about fishing industry and also describe their problem, benefit, strategic response, project options analysis and deliverability or recommended solution? Answer: Part 1: Problem Background Blue Sky Fisheries Pty Ltd. is an Australian fishing industry which is based in Adelaide and South Australia. The company provides premium and niche market seafood products to Australian marketplace and international marketplace. The main specialty of the company is sourcing and supplying Australian abalone. The company is well placed in the competitive fishing industry in Australia. The growing population has increased pressure on the company to meet the demands of their customers or clients (ZoomInfo, 2015). Definition of problem The expansion of domestic market and rise in the demand for the Australian seafood in foreign market has increased pressure on the company to harvest resources in sustainable way. If the sustainable innovation is not applied then it can lead to: Environment Issue: The depletion of natural resources is hitting hard to the company to fulfill the demand of the consumers both nationally and internationally. The consumer of seafood are affected as due to increase in number of fishing industry, the company is not able to meet the customers demand every time and decrease in natural resources is escalating matter (Aiyeloja and Ijeomah, n.d.). Employee management: The Company is facing stiff competition from its competitors that is affecting the market share of the company. Moreover, it exerts high pressure on the company to make better strategy every time in order to hold and retain the customers (Dahl, 2011). Due to competition, companys business operation has been affected and employee performance level has declined. Further, this issue is transitory. Wastage of product: The Company is facing problem from the people that are not effectively engaged in fishing of fish or transportation in efficient way. Therefore, the consumers and fishing industries are most affected along with the natural environment. In order to earn higher money, people sideline the amount of wastage. Further, this problem is escalating that can hamper the nature and people in long term (Biggs, 2011). Evidence of the problem Environmental Issue: It is a major issue for the fishing industry as the global use of the fisheries product has increased to 114.5 million tons in 2008 in comparison to 100.7 million tons in 2002. It can be forecasted that in 2030 the global demand for seafood can increase by 37 million tons. Therefore, it can surely be a great threat for the natural resources and for the fishing industry (Davis, 2011). The illegal catching of fish has increased over the years. It has been found that commercial catch fish are sold by the some people to clubs, hotel, restaurants or private individuals in order to gain higher profit. The illegal activity has increased by 33% in 2012 (Aic.gov.au, 2015). Employee Management: The Company is facing competition from Allan Barnett Fishing Co. and J. Manias Co. In the year 2010, Blue Sky sales declined by 2% in 2009 whereas its competitors were able to increase their sales by 2.7% and 3%. Therefore, in order to remain in the race the competitors train their employees so that their sales and income can be increased (Dixon and McGregor, 2011). Wastage of product: In the year 2010, the company has wasted around 30% of the fish product which shows the improper management-ship of the company (Greenfacts.org, 2015). Timing Considerations The government can play important role in checking the fishing issues and problems for the environment and global market. The government can impose various regulations over the percentage of fishing so that sustainable environment can be maintained. On the other hand, government can pose penalties if they find that overfishing is done in spite of warning. In order to sustain the natural environment and its species, the government has to take steps to generate a better and sustainable environment (Hallwass et al., 2010). This would help in providing better world to the people. Apart from that, if the proper are steps are not taken in right time then it can decrease the level of service and the consumer may not be able to fulfill their demand for seafood or fish product. Moreover, if government fails in implementing the strict rules then it can increase the level of illegal fishing and there can be time when there will be no fish in the lakes (Palomares and Pauly, 2011). On the other hand, if response is delayed then it can lead to a wide gap to operate the proposed amendments. The customers can be charged high price for the sea products that can affect the economy of the country. Therefore, solution has to be implemented on accurate time so that all the process can be carried in legalized form (Oecd.org, 2015). Consideration of the broader context The illegal catch of the fish is a major issue outside of the Blue Sky as well. The local fishermen are having problem as they are not able to acquire right percentage of fish due to illegal behavior of catching fish. The sale of the local fishermen in Adelaide has decreased that made some fishermen to adopt illegal activities. Therefore, the issues of local fishermen can be addressed in the proposal so that best solution can be predicted that can benefit both the company and local fishermen (Pcfisu.org, 2015). Part 2: Benefits Benefits to be delivered A better sustainable innovation environment can be gained if the natural resources issues are resolved. Moreover, it can help in enhancing the quality of environment and natural resources can be kept safe and pure. The investment in the making natural resources sustain and survive can have a long term impact and people can be able to see number of fish (Pearce, 2005). On the other hand, in case of growing employee management issue among fishing industry, the Blue Sky Company can be able to meet their requirement of having fish or sea product in maximum quantity. This would help the company to survive in the market place (Rizzuto and Soares, 2012). The company can make investment to build better organizational system in order to preserve and store the sea food for a period of time. Apart from that, the solution to the wastage problem can be put to an end. This would be effective in ensuring large number of fish from rivers. The company can be able to provide quality and delicious seafood to the society and it can help in increasing the customer engagement (Seitz and Hite, 2011). Moreover, the local fishermen can be able to carry on their activities with much easy approach. Therefore, the solution to the problem would help in increasing the GDP of the country and it can increase the economical value of the company. On the other side, the company can be able to largely contribute towards the society and increasing their living standard (Donaldson, 2011). Lastly, the impact of the solution can be on the environment that can be effective for the people to have sustainable environment. Apart from the benefit, the company may not be able to increase their profit if government imposes harsh legislation and regulation on fishing and it can lead to increase in price of seafood (Ctb.ku.edu, 2015). Importance of Benefits to Government and Organization The government and organization can get large benefit for the investment. The company can be increasing their level of fish storage and they can supply required of quantity to the consumers. On the other hand, the company can increase the sales rate and earn better income. The investment in natural resources can help the government to safeguard the natural resources and monitor the depletion rate of fish in the lakes or river. Further, it can help the company to achieve sustainable environment and better reach to the natural resources without affecting the natural environment (Graf and Kimms, 2011). The negative effect of employee management by companies on the fishing can be checked and government can be able to track the companies that are not abiding the rules that are laid down in context to employee. Moreover, it can be positive for the company to have an equal chance of fishing and collecting the fish from the river (Greene and Kirton, 2011). Therefore, it can help in providing better competitive environment. Lastly, the investment in controlling wastage can be effective for the government to achieve better economic environment. The implementation of sustainable fishing can help in protecting the livelihoods of the people. Moreover, on the part of company, it can help in promoting sustainable fishing and can fulfill the nutritional needs of the people (Hallwass et al., 2010). Evidence of benefit delivery Environmental Issues: It can be found that implementing the solution to the respective issues has helped in improving the marine ecosystem. The people are more careful towards the natural environment and focuses to have less destruction of the natural resources (Holland, 2007). The company is able to use the natural resources in efficient manner that is helping in making people aware about the benefits of having natural resources. Employee management: It has been discovered that number of workers have increased their performance and are engaging in company activities. Therefore, company is able to engage around 10 million tons of fish from the ocean in the year 2011 (Kumari et al., 2010). Thus, company is able to export fish to foreign market as per requirements. Wastage: The workers doing unethical activities and not controlling wastage can be checked and it helped in decreasing the level of wastage. Therefore, it helps in increasing the efficiency of the company and it increases the productivity of the company (Malakoff, 2011). The overfishing level has been decreased by 40% and people have become more responsible towards the natural resources. Interdependencies The major interdependency that relates to benefit delivery is using other existing proposals so that better solution can be gained in order to solve the arising issues. The management of the company can adopt the decision that is made by US government to improve the fishing industry (Rizzuto and Soares, 2012). Moreover, the companies can reliance on the step taken by Marine Publications Pty Ltd to improve their business operation and supply better quality of product to customers. Part 3: Strategic Response Method and Criteria The company has to adopt strategic action so that rising issues can be resolved. Therefore, in order to sort out the issues, strategic response can be: Plan: The Company has to plan from the very first stage to assess the potential issues so that strategy can be made. The management can engage employers and employees for formulating plan. Risk: The risk associated with the particular strategy has to be assessed in order to know the level of risk that may need to be handled while operating with such strategies. Organizational Culture: The management has to understand the internal culture whether the chosen strategy can be helpful in achieving the long term goal or not. Workers Attitude: The behavior and attitude of the workers or employees has to be understood so that better strategy can be implemented and better productivity can be gained. Social Support: The support from the society can be helpful for the company to solve their problem and provide better service to customers (Pearce, 2005). Regulation: The Company may need to improve their regulation relating to transport, production or relating to employees so that better work environment can be generated. Policies: The policies can be developed in order to sustainable growth and attaining sustainable environment in fishing sector. It can improve the business operation (Tietze, 2011). Foster Innovation: The Company can implement innovative ideas so that quality fish product can be developed and supplied and also wastage can be reduced. Strategic Option Analysis The strategic options can be effective for the Blue Sky to achieve better growth and increase their sale to domestic and international market. On the other hand, the options can be helpful for the company to solve the internal and external issues and generate feasible and effective work environment (Uwah et al. n.d.). The company can be able to develop sustainable environment and reduction in wastage. Strategic Interventions The interventions can be valuable in changing the behavior of employees to have a positive attitude towards the work. For instance, the knowledge and skills of the individual worker can be influenced that improved the performance of the company by 25%. The employees can become more responsible towards environment and customers. On the other hand, the company can provide better social support to the people by promoting educational programs or health promotion campaign (Trujillo and Thurman, 2014). Apart from that, the environment promotion campaign intervention can be effective in making people aware about the natural resources benefit and it can provide knowledge to reduce wastage as it can help in developing better environment. Recommended Strategic Option The company can formulate flexible regulation and policies as it can help in extracting better performance of the employees. Moreover, the employees can become more responsible towards the society and environment (Biggs, 2011). The Blue Sky can be able to fulfill the demands of consumers and can be able to extract the required sea species in order to satisfy the need of customers. Part 4: Project Options Analysis Project Options Considered Cost-effectiveness Analysis: This analysis can be effective in making comparison of different alternatives so that expenses can be predicted. The options can be effective in reducing the net present value of costs or increasing the output level. Multi-criteria Analysis: The suite of various objectives can be dealt that may not be aggregated into a single result. Therefore, in order to use the multi-criteria analysis, the project has to be analyzed whether it can fulfill the requirements of analysis or not (Connelly and Brown, 2010). Evaluate economic Impact: The impact analysis has been used that deliver economic benefit on the project. The high level economic indicator has been used to assess the strategic intervention so that better result can be gained. Demand Analysis: The current demand for the seafood has been assessed that helped in forecasting the future demand for the product. The option has been selected that are more necessary (Daczkowska-Kozon and Sun-Pan, 2011). Review of staff requirements: The right number of staff has been selected that helped in carrying the project in effective manner. The training needs and role requirements has been focused so that job can be assigned. Stakeholder Identification and Consultation The major stakeholder that are related with the project options are marketer, human resource management, statisticians and financial advisers. The financial adviser will help in studying the cost-effectiveness of the project so that cost can be analyzed. On the other hand, the statistician of the company will help in performing multi-criteria analysis by segmenting the number of options on the basis of similar objectives. The financial analyst can help the company to know the economic impact on the performance or vice versa (Donaldson, 2011). The marketer will assist in providing information about demand for the product so that sales can be forecasted for future. Lastly, the human resource management of company can deliver skillful and capable employees that can help in increasing the productivity. Social Impacts The proposal can be effective in providing better social system. The company can be able to provide quality service and better quality product to the society or consumers. The scale options can be effective in providing better facilities to society and meeting their needs (Ellerup Nielsen and Narreklit, 2011). Environmental Impacts The options can have positive impact on the environment. The company can be able to generate environment that can be beneficial for the internal and external people. The Environment Law laid down by government has to be followed along with Health and Employees Law so that they can comply with the current environment and carry on their activities in productive manner (Malik, 2011). Economic Impacts The options can have large impact on the economy that can improve the quality of the system and can increase the productivity that can help in increasing the GDP of the country. Moreover, the employees can be motivated effectively to participate in the companys decision making process or deliver best ideas that can best suit the requirement of company (Navia and Heipieper, 2011). On the other hand, company can be able to provide employment to the people that can be effective in reducing the unemployment level and increasing the standard of living of people. Overall evaluation of socio-economic and environmental impacts The company can be able to supply better social and economic environment that can help in increasing the profit and market share of the company. The company can deliver better quality product to the society and standard living (Palomares and Pauly, 2011). On the other hand, it can be useful in providing sustainable environment and pollution free that can improve the health of the people or workers. Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Amount ($) Storage Cost 40000 Labor Cost 80000 Material Cost 35000 Raw material Costs 30000 Supplier Costs 10000 Administrative Costs 50000 Inspection Charges 4800 Training Cost 4000 Machine Installation Cost 15000 Utilities 2000 License Charge 10000 TOTAL 280800 Benefit The company can be able to store the fish product till the time of its consumption and it can help the company increase their sales and income. On the other hand, the company can fulfill the demand of the society for seafood. On the other hand, meeting the cost of supplier, the company required quantity of fish and raw materials for proving quality product to customers (Pcfisu.org, 2015). Moreover, the skills of the worker can be developed and better productivity can be generated that can contribute in improving the growth rate of the company. Financial analysis In order to gain an estimate that can be used for the project, net present value estimation can be effective. The npv can be useful for the company to make decision and decide future budget in order to conduct the business operations. Project option 1: Do Nothing Project option 2: Do minimum Project option 3: Do something Project option 4: Do maximum Project option 5: Analysis Period (years) 5 5 5 5 5 Capital Costs ($m) 2500 2808 2997 3350 3000 Output Costs ($m) 1800 2100 2500 2800 2750 Cost-Benefit Analysis Present Value of Benefits ($m) 5100 5700 6300 4752 Present Value of Costs ($m) 4800 5500 5700 4388 Benefit Cost Ratio 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.82 Net Present Value ($m) 5202.48 5662 6765 5752 Preferred option 4 3 3 1 2 Table 1: Results of Option Analysis Therefore, it can be analyzed that according to option 4, company can be able to generate better productivity after 5 years that can help in achieving organizational goals. The company can recover all their cost and sale rate can be increased. Therefore, the company can provide quality service to customers. Part 5: Deliverability of Recommended Solution Details of Recommended solution After considering the option analysis table, it can be observed that adopting option 4 can be beneficial for the company, Blue Sky to earn high income after 5 years. The company can be able to increase the sale of fish product by 43% that can ensure better profit and organizational effectiveness (Vasil'ev, 2011). Moreover, various direct and indirect costs can be covered and company can generate better market share. On the other hand, the problem of environment issues can be resolved and company can get required quantity of fish for their business and pollution level from the industry can be resolved. Therefore, it can help in generating better quality product for the customers. Apart from that, company can be able to generate expected NPV if the company is successful in managing employees (Weston, 2009). Commercial and financial Procurement: The PPP procurement approach can be taken in account that can be effective in securing the value for money. The company can innovate and integrate their strategy for gaining development and risk can be transferred effectively. The procurement options range comprises; designs build; design build finance, design build maintain; design build finance maintain and design build finance operate (Ruxton and Hansell, 2010). The DBFM can be effective to improve asset life cycle performance of the company. Risk assessment and management Resources Risk: The lack of available resources that is fish can be major risk for the company. The growing fishing industry can deplete the marine life and percent of fish may not be available (Malakoff, 2011). Therefore, the company has to promote the awareness about fishing and company can store the fish product so that wastage can be controlled and resource risk can be minimized. Competition Risk: In order to combat the competition situation, the company has to provide quality product all the time and the product has to be transported in quick time. This can help in retaining the customers and maintain the market share. Supplier Risk: If the supplier of risk is not satisfied with the service of company then it can be difficult to negotiate with the customers. Therefore, company has to provide right wages to suppliers for their services (Herpandi et al. 2011). Employee Risk: If the employee is not able to perform their task effectively then it can decrease the brand value of company. Thus, company may need to provide training or better packages so that they can eject better productivity from workers. Detailed Costing and Economic Evaluation ELEMENT ESTIMATE Base cost estimate $573500 Base risk allocation $116100 Project cost estimate $297400 Contingency $61300 Project Budget $1048300 Table 2: Summary of project cost Cost Estimate Direct Costs: Materials 40000 Labour 60000 Plant Hire 100000 Indirect Costs Recurrent Overheads Commercial 15000 QA and safety 10000 Project Management Costs 8500 Site Facilities 7000 Plant and equipment 35000 Non-recurrent overheads Project Insurance 80000 Professional fees 20000 Demobilization and disestablishment 9000 Mobilization and Establishment 35000 Owners Cost Authority Fees 9000 Investigations 5000 Contracted Professional Staff 13000 Land Cost and resumptions 45000 Plant and equipment supplied by owner 15000 Contractors Fee Profit Margin 37000 Corporate Overheads 30000 Total of Base Cost Estimate $573500 Table 3: Base Cost Computation ELEMENT ESTIMATE Base Risk Allocation 80500 Escalation 35600 Contingency 61300 Total of Project Risks $177400 Table 4: Project Risk Year Cash Flow Discount Rate (10%) Present Value of Cash Flow 1 650000 0.909 590850 2 730000 0.826 602980 3 785600 0.751 589990 4 836600 0.683 571400 5 995100 0.620 617880 TOTAL 2973100 Costs 1048300 Net present Value $1924800 Funding Sources In order to fund the proposed project, the Blue Sky can generate fund from various sources: Banks: The Company can grant loan from the banks such as Macquarie Bank Limited so that the work can be carried forward. Granting loan from the bank is easy and can be paid at regular specified intervals (Hattis, 2012). Sale of Assets: The Blue Sky can sale their assets that are not in use or unprofitable. The assets can be disposed that provide capital to the company for funding in the project. Therefore, it can help company to achieve the desired target of capital. Companys owner: The owner of Blue Sky can contribute major portion of the capital for the business purpose and if company makes profit then it can ensure high income for the owner. Mortgage: The Company can mortgage their property in order to acquire capital and can release the property when the company makes profit and pays for the profit from earned profit (Gonzalo-Delgado et al. 2010). Management In order to gain higher profit, the company has to manage its business activities so that work of the employees can be aligned towards the target. The senior management of the company has to monitor the performance of the company and on the other hand the production manager has to check the availability of raw materials or any other requirements so that production can be management and availed in right time with least amount of wastage (Greene and Kirton, 2011). The management has to communicate with the stakeholders of the company so that better decision can be made. Apart from that, the strategy has to be made for managing project so that it can be assessed on every stage of development and error can be removed. Delivery Blue Sky in order to bring productivity, it has to implement change management strategy so that operation can be conducted on successful note. The employees can be retrained and supply chain management can be re-engineered so that better service can be provided to customers (Hallwass et al. 2010). On the other hand, the performance measure has to be adopted for assessing the quantity and quality in order to deliver higher and quality productivity to nation. Readiness and next steps The Blue Sky Company has to be ready and has to be attentive to make transition of investment in correct time so that chain of operation does not stop. The alertness of the company can help in tackling the possible challenges related to sustainable innovation programs. The company has to resolve all the issues relating to staffing so that better working staff can be engaged in the next step of operation (Kumari et al. 2010). The job has to be made understood to the staffs so that they can carry their work in respective manner. Therefore, if the company succeeds in their approach then it can help in achieving the sustainable innovation environment and better employee engagement. Exit Strategy The program that are not resulting beneficial for the company has to be eliminated and better program has to be built in order to attain the desire goal. For instance, if the businesses not doing well, the acquisition exit strategy can be effective to remain in the marketplace and operate the business as it can allow having good money to clear debts. On the other hand, the company can be able to minimize their risk of loss and company can be able to organize their business operations effectively (Palomares and Pauly, 2011). Apart from that, if a sustainable innovation program fails the alternative programs can be helpful as it can help in protecting to suffer any big loss. Reference List Aic.gov.au, (2015). Crime in the Australian fishing industry. [online] Available at: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi366.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Aiyeloja, A. and Ijeomah, H. (n.d.). Book of reading in forestry, wildlife management and fisheries. Batten, D. (2011). Gale encyclopedia of American law. Detroit, Mich.: Gale. Bennett, J. and Birol, E. (2010). Choice experiments in developing countries. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Biggs, D. (2011). Fishing Wars and Environmental Change in Late Imperial and Modern China. Environmental History, 16(3), pp.544-545. Bolster, W. (2011). Fishing a Borderless Sea: Environmental Territorialism in the North Atlantic, 1818-1910. Environmental History, 16(3), pp.539-540. Connelly, N. and Brown, T. (2010). Effect of recall period on annual freshwater fishing effort estimates in New York. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 18(1), pp.83-87. Ctb.ku.edu, (2015). Chapter 19. Choosing and Adapting Community Interventions | Section 3. Identifying Strategies and Tactics for Reducing Risks | Main Section | Community Tool Box. [online] Available at: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/choose-and-adapt-community-interventions/reduce-risks/main [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Daczkowska-Kozon, E. and Sun-Pan, B. (2011). Environmental effects on seafood availability, safety, and quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Dahl, M. (2011). Organizational Change and Employee Stress. Management Science, 57(2), pp.240-256. Davis, M. (2011). Occupational Safety and Regulatory Compliance in US Commercial Fishing. Archives of Environmental Occupational Health, 66(4), pp.209-216. Daw, T. (2011). 5 easy pieces: How fishing impacts marine ecosystems. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 8(4), pp.299-301. Dixon, R. and McGregor, A. (2011). Grassroots Development and Upwards Accountabilities: Tensions in the Reconstruction of Aceh's Fishing Industry. Development and Change, 42(6), pp.1349-1377. Donaldson, A. (2011). Impacts of fishing gears other than bottom trawls, dredges, gillnets and longlines on aquatic biodiversity and vulnerable marine ecosystems. Victoria, B.C.: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Ellerup Nielsen, A. and Nrreklit, H. (2011). Self realisation and control in the discourse practice of management coaching. Employee Relations, 34(2), pp.159-176. Fao.org, (2015). Economic engineering applied to the fishery industry - 4. Production Cost. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/003/v8490e/v8490e06.htm [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Futuredirections.org.au, (2015). Fish for the Future: Aquaculture and Food Security. [online] Available at: https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/food-and-water-crises/1269-fish-for-the-future-aquaculture-and-food-security.html [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Gonzalo-Delgado, L., Lopez-Delgado, A., Lopez, F., Alguacil, F. and Lopez-Andres, S. (2010). Recycling of hazardous waste from tertiary aluminium industry in a value-added material. Waste Management Research, 29(2), pp.127-134. Graf, M. and Kimms, A. (2011). An option-based revenue management procedure for strategic airline alliances. European Journal of Operational Research, 215(2), pp.459-469. Greene, A. and Kirton, G. (2011). Diversity management meets downsizing: the case of a government department. Employee Relations, 33(1), pp.22-39. Greenfacts.org, (2015). 6. What actions can be taken to conserve biodiversity?. [online] Available at: https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/6-conserve-biodiversity.htm [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Hallwass, G., Lopes, P., Juras, A. and Silvano, R. (2010). Fishing Effort and Catch Composition of Urban Market and Rural Villages in Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Management, 47(2), pp.188-200. Hattis, S. (2012). United States government internet directory. 2011. Lanham, MD.: Rowman Littlefield. Henriksen, T. (2012). Mary Ann Palma, Martin Tsamenyi and William Edeson, Promoting Sustainable Fisheries: The International Legal and Policy Framework to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Ocean Yearbook Online, 26(1), pp.712-720. Herpandi, N., Rosma, A. and Wan Nadiah, W. (2011). The Tuna Fishing Industry: A New Outlook on Fish Protein Hydrolysates. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 10(4), pp.195-207. Holland, D. (2007). Managing environmental impacts of fishing: input controls versus outcome-oriented approaches. IJGENVI, 7(2/3), p.255. Kumari, M., Kumar, S., Chauhan, R. and Ravikanth, K. (2010). Bioconversion of herbal industry waste into vermicompost using an epigeic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Waste Management Research, 29(11), pp.1205-1212. Malakoff, D. (2011). Europe Unveils 'Radical' Plan to Reform Fishing Industry. Science, 333(6041), pp.396-396. Malik, T. (2011). Real option as strategic technology uncertainty reduction mechanism: inter-firm investment strategy by pharmaceuticals. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 23(5), pp.489-507. Mishra, S. and Shikha, S. (n.d.). Sustainable Fishing and Socio-Economic Aspects. SSRN Journal. Navia, R. and Heipieper, H. (2011). The role of energy-efficient biotechnological processes in the waste management industry. Waste Management Research, 29(6), pp.563-564. Oecd.org, (2015). Value For Money in PPP Procurement. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/45038620.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Palomares, M. and Pauly, D. (2011). Too precious to drill. Vancouver, B.C.: Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia. Pcfisu.org, (2015). towards global sustainable fisheries. [online] Available at: https://www.pcfisu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ISUMarineprogramme-towards-global-sustainable-fisheries.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Pearce, L. (2005). Encyclopedia of American industries. Detroit, Mich.: Gale. Rizzuto, E. and Soares, C. (2012). Sustainable maritime transportation and exploitation of sea resources. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Ruxton, G. and Hansell, M. (2010). Fishing with a Bait or Lure: A Brief Review of the Cognitive Issues. Ethology, 117(1), pp.1-9. Seafish.org, (2015). Overseas Market Introduction Service on Australian Seafood Market. [online] Available at: https://www.seafish.org/media/765537/australia.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Seitz, J. and Hite, K. (2011). Global Issues. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Stickney, R. and McVey, J. (2002). Responsible marine aquaculture. Wallingford, Oxon: CABI. Strategic Geography 2011. (2011). Strategic Survey, 111(1), p.(i)-(xx). Strategic Policy Issues. (2011). Strategic Survey, 111(1), pp.97-138. Tietze, U. (2011). Fishing with beach seines. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Trujillo, A. and Thurman, H. (2014). Essentials of oceanography. Boston: Pearson. Upite, C., Murray, K., Stacy, B., Weeks, S. and Williams, C. (n.d.). Serious injury and mortality determinations for sea turtles in US northeast and Mid-Atlantic fishing gear, 2006-2010. Uwah, E., Ewa, U. and Edu, B. (n.d.). Strategic Interventions in Change Management Process. SSRN Journal. Vainikka, A. and Hyvrinen, P. (2012). Ecologically and evolutionarily sustainable fishing of the pikeperch Sander lucioperca: Lake Oulujrvi as an example. Fisheries Research, 113(1), pp.8-20. Vasil'ev, A. (2011). Sustainability of Development of the Fishing Industry. Problems of Economic Transition, 54(1), pp.29-39. Walker, B. and Hamilton, R. (2011). Employee-Employer Grievances: A Review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), pp.40-58. Weston, R. (2009). The Canadian lobster fishery. Ottawa, Ont.: Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans. ZoomInfo, (2015). Business Profiles and Company Information | ZoomInfo.com. [online] Available at: https://www.zoominfo.com/s/#!search/profile/company?companyId=355860637targetid=profile [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015].

Writing College Placement Essay Prompts - Tips For Writing a Good Sample Essay

Writing College Placement Essay Prompts - Tips For Writing a Good Sample EssayA college placement exam is a traditional academic term used by a number of colleges. It is basically a short essay test and it serves as a way to evaluate a student's grasp of academic concepts.The examination will not determine a student's overall degree or even an individual student's ability to write well. However, for many students, this is the first opportunity to show prospective employers that they have learned the discipline of academic writing. Fortunately, these standardized tests are often fair and informative, which can help students prepare for the important writing required for their first jobs.Many colleges and universities assign professors to write sample essays for prospective students. In fact, most likely your professor will have done some writing of his or her own. Sometimes this writing will be inspired by a mentor or instructor. Some writers are simply inspired by the requirements of a given student's class or situation.These professor-written papers are usually graded by the college or university in question, though sometimes the application for the exam is drafted by the college or university itself. Either way, the idea is to create a high quality document that is fair to all involved. The grading and evaluation of student essay samples are subjective and include feedback from the actual students who will actually take the test.When taking a college placement exam, you will find numerous sample essays. One of the most common is the 'Tell Me About Yourself' sample, which consists of roughly 25 words and no more than 300 words. It is a common standard and an excellent place to start if you want to improve on your essays.College placement exam essay prompts include some basic instructions, questions, and scenarios. Some samples may also require moreinformation. Additionally, you can find sample essays that are meant to provide a complete picture of your overall experiences. These are often good guides for future work and are a good way to increase your confidence in your ability to craft a persuasive essay.Once you have found your essay sample, make sure you follow the instructions in order to generate a good essay. If you follow this advice, you should be able to come up with a good essay that will impress your potential employers.

Literary Terms 9 suspense. setting. irony. imagery. symbolism. metaphor. exaggeration. alliteration. onomatopoeia. personification. Flashcard

Literary Terms 9: suspense. setting. irony. imagery. symbolism. metaphor. exaggeration. alliteration. onomatopoeia. personification.

Cryogenics Definition and Uses

Cryogenics Definition and Uses Cryogenics is defined as the scientific study of materials and their behavior at extremely low temperatures. The word comes from the Greek cryo, which means cold, and genic, which means producing. The term is usually encountered in the context of physics, materials science, and  medicine. A scientists who studies cryogenics is called a cryogenicist. A cryogenic material may be termed a cryogen. Although cold temperatures may be reported using any temperature scale, the Kelvin and Rankine scales are most common because they are absolute scales that have positive numbers. Exactly how cold a substance has to be to be considered cryogenic is a matter of some debate by the scientific community. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) considers cryogenics to include temperatures below  Ã¢Ë†â€™180  °C (93.15 K; −292.00  °F), which is a temperature above which common refrigerants (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, freon) are gases and below which permanent gases (e.g., air, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, hydrogen, helium) are liquids. There is also a field of study called high temperature cryogenics, which involves temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen at ordinary pressure (−195.79  °C (77.36 K; −320.42  °F), up to −50  °C (223.15 K; −58.00  °F). Measuring the temperature of cryogens requires special sensors. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are used to take temperature measurements as low as 30 K. Below 30 K, silicon diodes are often used. Cryogenic particle detectors are sensors that operate a few degrees above absolute zero and are used to detect photons and elementary particles. Cryogenic liquids are typically stored in devices called Dewar flasks. These are double-walled containers that have a vacuum between the walls for insulation. Dewar flasks intended for use with extremely cold liquids (e.g., liquid helium) have an additional insulating container filled with liquid nitrogen. Dewar flasks are named for their inventor, James Dewar. The flasks allow gas to escape the container to prevent pressure buildup from boiling that could lead to an explosion. Cryogenic Fluids The following fluids are most often used in cryogenics: Fluid Boiling Point (K) Helium-3 3.19 Helium-4 4.214 Hydrogen 20.27 Neon 27.09 Nitrogen 77.36 Air 78.8 Fluorine 85.24 Argon 87.24 Oxygen 90.18 Methane 111.7 Uses of Cryogenics There are several applications of cryogenics. It is used to produce cryogenic fuels for rockets, including liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX). The strong electromagnetic fields needed for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are usually produced by supercooling electromagnets with cryogens. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an application of NMR that uses liquid helium. Infrared cameras frequently require cryogenic cooling. Cryogenic freezing of food is used to transport or store large quantities of food. Liquid nitrogen is used to produce fog for special effects and even specialty cocktails and food. Freezing materials using cryogens can make them brittle enough to be broken into small pieces for recycling. Cryogenic temperatures are used to store tissue and blood specimens and to preserve experimental samples. Cryogenic cooling of superconductors may be used to increase electric power transmission for big cities. Cryogenic processing is used as part of some alloy treatments and to facilitate low temperature chemical reactions (e.g., to make statin drugs). Cryomilling is used to mill materials that may be too soft or elastic to be milled at ordinary temperatures. Cooling of molecules (down to hundreds of nano Kelvins) may be used to form exotic states of matter. The Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) is an instrument designed for use in microgravity to form Bose Einstein condensates (around 1 pico Kelvin temperature) and test laws of quantum mechanics and other physics principles. Cryogenic Disciplines Cryogenics is a broad field that encompasses several disciplines, including: Cryonics - Cryonics is the cryopreservation of animals and humans with the goal of reviving them in the future. Cryosurgery - This is a branch of surgery in which cryogenic temperatures are used to kill unwanted or malignant tissues, such as cancer cells or moles. Cryoelectronics - This is the study of superconductivity, variable-range hopping, and other electronic phenomena at low temperature. The practical application of cryoelectronics is called cryotronics. Cryobiology - This is the study of the effects of low temperatures on organisms, including the preservation of organisms, tissue, and genetic material using cryopreservation. Cryogenics Fun Fact While cryogenics usually involves temperature below the freezing point of liquid nitrogen yet above that of absolute zero, researchers have achieved temperatures below absolute zero (so-called negative Kelvin temperatures). In 2013 Ulrich Schneider at the University of Munich (Germany) cooled gas below absolute zero, which reportedly made it hotter instead of colder! Sources Braun, S., Ronzheimer, J. P., Schreiber, M., Hodgman, S. S., Rom, T., Bloch, I., Schneider, U. (2013) Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom.  Science  339,  52–55.Gantz, Carroll (2015). Refrigeration: A History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Company, Inc. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7864-7687-9.  Nash, J. M.  (1991) Vortex Expansion Devices for High Temperature Cryogenics. Proc. of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 521–525.